The impact of antibiotic resistance in terms of mortality and of the public health cost is quite difficult to estimate, and there are few studies addressing this issue. Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, non-typhoidal Salmonella) in different settings and in the treatment of tuberculosis. Our review examines the main factors contributing to the development of antibiotic resistance and the consequences for human health focussing on the impact of resistance in species commonly associated with infection (i.e. The lack of adequate surveillance in many parts of the world leaves large gaps in existing knowledge of the distribution and extent of this phenomenon. 3 This report shows that surveillance data, where available, can be very useful for orienting treatment choices, understanding AMR trends, identifying priority areas for interventions, and monitoring the impact of interventions to contain resistance. In 2001, the WHO Global Strategy for Containment of Antimicrobial Resistance has provided a framework of interventions to slow the emergence and reduce the spread of antimicrobial-resistant microorganisms 1 In 2012, WHO published The Evolving Threat of Antimicrobial Resistance – Options for Action 2 proposing a combination of interventions that include strengthening health systems and surveillance improving use of antimicrobials in hospitals and in community infection prevention and control encouraging the development of appropriate new drugs and vaccines and political commitment.įollowing the indication of a primary role for surveillance, in April 2014, WHO published the first global report on surveillance of AMR collecting experiences from national and international surveillance networks. The World Health Organization (WHO) has long recognised the need for an improved and coordinated global effort to contain AMR. Faced with this reality, the need for action to avert a developing global crisis in health care is imperative. Over several decades, to varying degrees, bacteria causing common or severe infections have developed resistance to each new antibiotic coming to market. The problem of AMR is especially urgent regarding antibiotic resistance in bacteria. Measures to control the emergence and the spread of ABR are presented.Īntimicrobial resistance (AMR) has emerged as one of the principal public health problems of the 21st century that threatens the effective prevention and treatment of an ever-increasing range of infections caused by bacteria, parasites, viruses and fungi no longer susceptible to the common medicines used to treat them.
We describe the health and economic impact of ABR, the principal risk factors for its emergence and, in particular, we illustrate the highlights of four antibiotic-resistant pathogens of global concern – Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, non-typhoidal Salmonella and Mycobacterium tuberculosis – for whom we report resistance data worldwide. In this review, we focus on antibacterial resistance (ABR), which represents at the moment the major problem, both for the high rates of resistance observed in bacteria that cause common infections and for the complexity of the consequences of ABR. The first World Health Organization (WHO) Global report on surveillance of AMR, published in April 2014, collected for the first time data from national and international surveillance networks, showing the extent of this phenomenon in many parts of the world and also the presence of large gaps in the existing surveillance. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the most serious global public health threats in this century.
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